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Research Article
Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2018
Micro Nutrient Profiles of Pleurotus tuber regium Biodegraded Rice Straw and Ground nut Shells
Wuanor Alexander Aza1*, Ayoade John Adisa2 and Saingbe Ajayi Philip1
1Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi
2Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi
*Corresponding Author: Wuanor Alexander Aza, Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi.
Received: July 30, 2018; Published: August 21, 2018
Abstract
The mineral and vitamin status of rice straw and ground nut shell biodegraded by Pleurotus tuber regium were evaluated in this study. The minerals and vitamins assessed in the untreated (UTRS) and Pleurotus tuber regium treated (PTTRS) rice straw were calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulphur, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt selenium and vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, D, E and K respectively while minerals evaluated in the untreated (UGNS) and Pleurotus tuber regium biodegraded (PTGNS) ground nut shells were calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc. Samples of rice straw and ground nut shell were composted for seven days and thereafter inoculated with spores of Pleurotus tuber regium and kept in the dark room for 30 days. Analysis of the ensuing Pleurotus tuber regium biodegraded rice straw compared to rice straw not biodegraded revealed that the fungal biodegradation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the amounts of calcium, phosphorus, sulphur, copper, molybdenum, cobalt and selenium and also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the amounts of magnesium, sodium, and zinc. Fungal biodegradation also significantly (P < 0.05) increased vitamins A, B1, B2, and C and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased vitamins B6, D, E and K. Evaluation of the ensuing fungal biodegraded ground nut shell, compared to non biodegraded ground nut shell showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in the calcium, sodium and potassium levels while the levels of phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the fungal biodegradation. It was concluded that the fungal biodegradation by Pleurotus tuber regium generally upgraded the quality of the ensuing rice straw and ground nut shells residue as their use in feeding animals would supply to them the synthesised minerals and vitamins while those that were depleted would also be of no consequence since ruminant animals synthesise most of them in their reticulo-rumen.
Keywords: Fungal Biodegradation; Pleurotus tuber regium; Rice straw; Ground nut shells; Vitamins; Minerals
Introduction
Minerals are inorganic elements which furnish structural materials for bones and teeth, are constituents of soft tissues, blood, fluids of the body, certain secretions and regulate many of the vital processes of the body. Vitamins are organic substances required in minute amounts by animals for normal growth, production, reproduction and/or health. History relates that prior to discovery and characterization of vitamins by the Polish scientist, Funk in 1912, most effects of vitamin deficiencies were attributed to superstition or unexplainable factors (Ensminger 1977). Knowledge about vitamins, their names, functions, deficiency symptoms and interaction have grown over the years. Vitamins and minerals are now known to be involved and utilized in very essential metabolic functions in living organisms. While there are many feeds from which farm animals derive vitamins and minerals, biosynthesis by micro-organisms have also been reported. The dynamics of fungal mineral biosynthesis and utility have been reported by many authors (Timothy., et al. 1988; Debratta., et al. 2004; Mark., et al. 2009; Tarafder and Raliya 2012; Amin., et al. 2015; Zielonka., et al. 2017). Details of fungal biosynthesis and utilization of vitamins have also been reported (Strzelczyk and leniarska, 1988; Solomko and Eliseeva, 1988; Ananya, 2014). According to Brooklyncuny (2018), vitamins and minerals serve as coenzymes and cofactors. Coenzymes include nicotinamide in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, flavine as flavine adenine dinucleotide, thiamine as thiamine phosphate, pyridoxal as pyridoxal phosphate and carbamide as carbamide phosphate while enzymes that require metal ions (cofactors) include carbonic anhydrase and alcohol dehydrogenase which require zinc; cytochromes, haemoglobin and ferrdoxin which require iron, cytochrome oxidase which require copper and pyruvate phosphokinase which require potassium and magnesium.
Biodegradation of fibrous feedstuffs have been reported to yield products of enhanced nutritional value. The works have reported improved generation of some nutrients (Akinfemi., et al. 2009a; 2009b; Wuanor and Ayoade, 2017) and depletion of others in the ensuing biodegraded materials (Sarklong., et al. 2010; Kholif., et al. 2011); the explanation being that while some of the nutrients were biosynthesized by the fungi leading to increase of such materials in the ensuing biodegraded products, some nutrients were utilized in the metabolic processes of the fungi during the biodegradation, leading to their reduced quantities. Fungal biodegradation of crop residues also assists in waste cycling (Banjo., et al. 2003)
Rice straw has been reported to be produced in copious quantities annually worldwide; its utilization as a feedstuff is hindered by the high fibrous nature and low nitrogen composition (Drake., et al. 2002). Ground nut shells have also been reported to abound after harvest and processing of the nuts to get the seeds. Assessment of the micronutrient profiles of biodegraded samples of these two crop residues is needed in the pursuit of transforming them to feedstuffs for ruminant livestock. Many authors have reported on the nutritional value of fungal biodegraded products stating dimensions and patterns of nutrient status of biodegraded materials. These reports, have however, focused mostly on macro nutrients and there is a paucity of information on micronutrients of fungal biodegradation of fibrous feed resources. This work was designed to assess the vitamin and mineral status of two fibrous feed materials, rice straw and ground nut shells biodegraded by the white rot fungus Pleurotus tuber regium.
Materials and Methods
Study area
The study was conducted at the University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Makurdi, the capital of Benue State is located between latitude 6° and 8° north and longitude 6° and 10° east. The Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi is located at latitude 7° 44 N and longitudes 8° 54 E in the southern guinea savannah region of Nigeria. The annual temperature ranges between 21°c in January to 35°c in March. It has annual rainfall of 1105 mm to 1600 mm and relative humidity which is highest between August and September (69%) and lowest between January and February (39%).
Composting and fungal inoculation of rice straw and ground nut shells
Composting of the rice straw as well as fungal inoculation were done using the Procedures described by Wuanor and Ayoade (2017) while composting and fungal inoculation of ground nut shells was done using the procedure of Wuanor., et al. (2018)
Analysis for minerals and vitamins
The laboratory analysis for minerals and vitamins in the rice straw and ground nut shell samples was done using atomic absorption Spectrophotometry and chromatography respectively.
Statistical Analysis
Data collected were analyzed statistically using Minitab Statistical Software and Fisher’s analysis of the software was used in separating means where significant differences existed
Results
Results of the mineral and vitamin profiles of Pleurotus tuber regium biodegraded rice straw and ground nut shells are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Calcium content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the biodegraded rice straw sample compared to the undegraded sample. This pattern of significant increment in the biodegraded sample was also exhibited in the contents of phosphorus, sulphur, molybdenum, cobalt and selenium. On the contrary, there was a reduction in the magnesium content of the biodegraded rice straw sample leading to a significant (P < 0.05) higher value of magnesium in the undegraded material than the biodegraded material. This significant reduction in composition of the biodegraded sample was also reported for sodium and zinc. The vitamin A composition of the biodegraded rice straw sample was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the undegraded rice straw, a pattern which was also reported for vitamins B1, B2 and C. Pleurotus tuber regium biodegradation however led to a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the amount of Vitamins B6, D, E and K. Fungal biodegradation of ground nut shells resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher quantity of calcium, a pattern also shown by the sodium and potassium contents. Pleurotus tuber regium biodegradation of the ground nut shells however did not exert any significant (P > 0.05) on composition of phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc.
Minerals UTRS PTTRS LOS
Calcium (%) 0.12b ± 0.03 0.26a ± 0.20 *
Phosphorus (%) 0.21b ± 0.10 0.32a ± 0.02 *
Magnesium (%) 0.25a ± 0.10 0.08b ± 0.03 *
Sodium (%) 0.48a ± 0.10 0.04b ± 0.03 *
Sulphur (%) 0.12b ± 0.03 0.26a ± 0.02 *
Copper (ppm) 0.43b ± 0.02 0.89a ± 0.02 *
Zinc (ppm) 0.85a ± 0.02 0.15b ± 0.06 *
Molybdenum (ppm) 0.05b ± 0.02 0.18a ± 0.01 *
Cobalt (ppm) 0.06b ± 0.02 0.13a ± 0.01 *
Selenium (ppm) 0.13b ± 0.02 0.28a ± 0.02 *
Table 1: Mineral Content of Untreated and Fungal Treated Rice Straw (means ± SD).
UTRS = Rice straw
*PTTRS = Pleurotus tuberregium treated rice straw
SD = standard deviation
Each means is average of three replicates
Vitamins UTRS PTTRS LOS
A (iu/100 g) 109.57b ± 0.43 156.31a ± 0.69 *
B1(iu/100 g) 180.30b ± 0.16 196.81a ± 133.5 *
B2(mg/100 g) 175.11b ± 1.09 230.42a ± 10.56 *
B6(mg/100 g) 40.15a ± 0.34 25.09b ± 0.97 *
C(mg/100 g) 1.67b ± 0.03 3.50a ± 0.44 *
D(iu/100 g) 17.6a ± 0.02 10.50b ± 0.36 *
E(iu/100 g) 360.12a ± 0.18 215.61b ± 0.93b *
K(iu/100 g) 142.50a ± 0.50 98.73b ± 0.64 *
Table 2: Vitamin Composition of Untreated and Fungal Treated Rice Straw (means ± SD).
UTRS = Untreated rice straw; PTTRS = Pleurotus tuber regium treated rice straw
LOS = level of significance; * = significantly different (P < 0.05)
SD = standard deviation; each means is average of three replicates
Minerals UGNS PTGNS LOS
Calcium (%) 0.12b ± 0.03 0.89a ± 0.03 *
Phosphorus (%) 0.15 ± 0.70 0.08 ± 0.02 NS
Sodium (%) 0.15b ± 0.06 0.45a ± 0.05 *
Magnesium (%) 0.10 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.01 NS
Potassium (%) 0.12b ± 0.03 0.22a ± 0.03 *
Iron (ppm) 1.13 ± 0.04 1.11 ± 0.14 NS
Copper (ppm) 0.03 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.38 NS
Manganese (ppm) 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.00 NS
Zinc (ppm) 0.04 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.02 NS
Table 3: Effect of fungal treatment on mineral content of groundnut shells (means ± SD).
Ppm = part per million; UGNS = Untreated ground nut shells; PTGNS = Pleurotus tuber regium treated ground nut shells; LOS = level of significance *= significantly different (P < 0.05); NS = not significantly different; SD = standard deviation; each means is average of three replicates
Conclusion
It was concluded that fungal biodegradation of the rice straw and ground nut shell led to mineral and vitamin enrichment of the materials.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Oromia Agricultural Research Institute (OARI) and Bore Agricultural Research Center for their financial assistance. Farmers and Development Agents who contributed for the accomplishment of on farm demonstration of chickpea were heartily acknowledged.
Recommendation
It was recommended, based on the results obtained that, rice straw and ground nut shells should be biodegraded using Pleurotus tuber regium before using them as feed inputs.
Conflict of Interest
The authors hereby state that there does not exist any conflict of interest as far as this article is concerned.
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Citation: Wuanor Alexander Aza., et al. “Micro Nutrient Profiles of Pleurotus tuber regium Biodegraded Rice Straw and Ground nut Shells”. Innovative Techniques in Agriculture 3.1 (2018): 538-544.
Copyright: © 2018 Wuanor Alexander Aza., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.