A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with small ruminant fasciolosis in Haramaya Districts from November 2013 to 2014. Fecal samples were examined by using sedimentation technique from 431 small ruminants (291 sheep and 140 goats). The study revealed that the overall prevalence of fasciolosis was 34.8%. The prevalence of fasciolosis based on species were 40.5% and 22.9% in Ovine and Caprine, respectively and a significant difference was observed between sheep and goats. Based on ages and body conditions of the animals there were no significance differences.

The prevalence of fasciolosis based on address varied with highest prevalence recorded in Haramaya (39.3%) followed by Adele (35.34%). Low prevalence was observed in Ifa Bate (26.2%). there was no significance difference (p < 0.05) between both address during study. Prevalence of infection based on sex indicated that the prevalence of fasciolosis was higher in female (39.5%) than males (24.6%) and statistically significant difference was found between males and females.

Sheep and goats are common in rainforest areas (Devendra and Meclorey, 1990). In developing countries, including African society shoats can play great role for poor people to get income, due to production of the shoats cannot need such a huge requirements like:- budget to production in farm and also it is easy to keep in small areas for their feeding systems. It gives an offspring within a few months (Getenby, 1991). Shoats are mostly common in rain forest areas which cover 65% and the population of sheep and goats can reaches 25% and 100% respectively found (PACE-Ethiopia, 2003). Their meat production can cover 30% when we compares to large animal (Fletcher and Zelalem, 1991).

Fasciolosis can be affect’s and inhibits all ruminants. There are two species of liver fluke, which causes infection on ruminants. These species are: - Fasciola hepaticaand F. gigantic. Fasciola hepaticawas occurred in worldwide distribution, but mostly it was common in desert or hottest zones. F. giganticis common in rainforest areas of African and Asian regions. May be, sometime the species of these two fasciolosis can be occurred in the same country as well as in the same areas of agro-ecological region of one country, this is may be due to availability of good air condition for their development of the intermediate hosts (Mas-Coma.,  et al. 2005). Fasciolosis can causes different effects on animal that inhibit by this conditions, the common effects are: - decrease in milk production, decrease in meat and giving off springs in production systems and also it will not give a good income due to the body of animals that can be affected by these disease was poor and it will causes economic loses for treatment of this condition (Hillery, Apt, 1997).

Fasciolosis has three clinical signs in general, the first sign is: - Acute fasciolosis: - this was occurring due to huge number of metecercariae infested on the hosts. In shoats, this condition of fasciolosis cannot sign clinical signs rather than death of the animals. in some cases it was shows abdominal pain , it will also causes rupture of liver walls and layer and finally it will causes blooding and death will occurs due to hemorrhages and jaundice (Urquhart., et al. 1989).

The second sign is , Sub-acute fasciolosis this types of fasciolosis can be occurred due to infestations of medium numbers of metecercariae can affects the hosts and it shows, anemia, jaundice and species can be affected and damage livers and finally causes hemorrhage on affected animals and it was causes totally live damages (Urquhart.,  et al. 1989). The third sign of fasciolosis is chronic fasciolosis and it is common in sheep’s. This will happen when the flukes can reaches to reaches hepatic bile duct and it will show different signs this sing are ;- obstruction of bile duct, damage of liver tissue and fibrosis and anemia are the most common signs if this conditions and as well as the condition also causes edema and bottle jaw. Death eventually occurs when anemia becomes severe this type of fasciolosis can also causes as ‘black disease’, which is clostridial species of bacterial infections (Radostits., et al. 1994).

The diagnosis of fasciolosis is based on primarily on faces examinations. Other diagnostic examinations are immunological, clinical signs, biochemical and hematological examination, season, climatic conditions, and history of the area (Torgerson., et al. 1999). The control and prevention method of fasciolosis was based on seasonal treatment and reducing the number of snails populations by chemicals and anthelmentics.

There the objective of this paper was:-                                                                                 

• To estimate the prevalence of small ruminant fasciolosis and its associated risk factors.

Study area description
The study was conducted in and around Haramya district located in Oromia regional state, Eastern Hararge Zone. The area has an altitude 1600 to 2100 meters above sea level. The predominant soil types are Rig soil (Haramya series) 60% and heavy black clay soils 40%. Soil texture is sandy loan (District’s MoA, 1999). The rainfall of the District is bimodal, the short rain occurring between the months of February to May and the long rain occurring between the months of June to September. The mean annual rain fall is 492 mm ranging from 118-866 mm. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 24 and 9 degree Celsius respectively (District MoA, 1999).

Study Design and Study animal
Using cross sectional study, samples were collected from 431 shoats. The study animal was local breeds which were managed under extensive husbandry system. Sheep and goats reared in three districts were randomly sampled to examine prevalence of shoat fasciolosis in the study Based on sex, age groups and body conditions of shoat were considered in the study.

Sampling and Sample size determination
A total of 431 small ruminants (140 Caprine and 291 ovine) were sampled. To calculate the total samples, the following parameter was used, 95% confidence intervals 5% desired level of precision and assumption of 50% expected prevalence of small ruminant fasciolosis. The sample size of both species of animal was determined by using the formula given in Thursfield (2005) accordingly, 431 sheep and goat were used as representative small ruminants on study were done.

Where n = required sample size
Pexp = expected prevalence
d= desired absolute precision

Carpological examination
Fresh fecal sample was collected randomly from selected Sites in and around Haramya districts and it were collected from rectum. Each sample is labeled with the animal species corresponding to date, age, sex, body condition and place. Then the labeled sample was submitted to Haramya University College of Veterinary Medicines, Parasitological laboratories. All fecal samples were examined for the presence of fasciola eggs by using sedimentation techniques and examined under microscopy.

Species	Sex	Number of examined	Number of infected
Small ruminants	female	293	116 (39.6 %)
	male	138	34 (24.6 %)
Total		431	150 (34.8%)

Age	Number of examined	Number of affected	Prevalence
Young	132	45	34.1%
Adult	267	92	34.5%
Old	32	13	40.5%
Total	431	150	34.8%

Species	Number of Examined	Number of Affected	Prevalence
Ovine	291	118	40.5%
Caprine	140	32	22.9%
Total	431	150	43.8%

Address	Number of Examined	Number of infected	Prevalence
If a bate	107	28	26.2%
Haramya	191	75	39.3%
Adele	133	47	35.3%
Total	431	150	34.8%

Body condition	Number of Examined	Number of affected	Prevalence
Poor	68	28	41.2%
Medium	283	102	36%
Good	80	20	25%
Total	431	150	34.8%

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